論文-心理干擾概念的有效性-中英對(duì)照

主題干擾概念的有效性被質(zhì)疑，其他人也懷疑咨詢?cè)诙虝r(shí)間內(nèi)改變干擾的能力。此外，金字塔擴(kuò)散效應(yīng)的概念，認(rèn)為咨詢者從專業(yè)案例中所學(xué)到的適用于未來的客戶，這個(gè)說法有時(shí)也得不到支持。其中主要的批評(píng)在于將顧問和咨詢者的關(guān)系假定為平等的或合作的。很多人認(rèn)為這與Caplan法的確定特征不符。例如弱化或隱藏了咨詢者的困難分析，著重診斷咨詢者缺乏客觀性的原因以及顧問給出一個(gè)計(jì)劃來糾正咨詢者的困難，卻沒有讓咨詢者了解到其咨詢的客觀性。
Caplan的觀點(diǎn)是，保證顧問和咨詢者之間的平等關(guān)系非常重要，關(guān)于咨詢者缺乏客觀性或其他的問題的真實(shí)情況需要隱瞞。雖然在他關(guān)于咨詢過程的著作中，被理解成微妙溫和的欺騙的味道。例如，他在書中（1970，第9章）咨詢者中心案例咨詢中，給出的引申例子，他就顧問（非他本人）和一個(gè)公共衛(wèi)生護(hù)士咨詢會(huì)議的謄抄本進(jìn)行評(píng)論，這個(gè)護(hù)士對(duì)其患晚期癌癥的男性病人和他家人很擔(dān)心，她對(duì)于他所看到的病人妻子和未成年孩子負(fù)面的，無益的態(tài)度和行為尤其擔(dān)心。顧問似乎得出結(jié)論，該護(hù)士并沒有告知她或家人這個(gè)病人很快會(huì)死。不告知其將死的信息并非這個(gè)護(hù)士在其專業(yè)位置應(yīng)該發(fā)生的事情，顧問就病人妻子和她承認(rèn)并面對(duì)病人即將到來的死亡的能力進(jìn)行了討論，間接的處理了這個(gè)困難。Caplan將這個(gè)例子視為個(gè)人介入，護(hù)士過分介入一個(gè)喜好的病人，從而沒有告知他要死的事實(shí)。這或者也是一個(gè)主題干擾的例子，主題是“所有照顧一個(gè)將死的人在這個(gè)人死的時(shí)候都會(huì)受到責(zé)備，因?yàn)樗麄儧]有成功的救治他。”一些近期的修正和發(fā)展
有很多人試圖修正Caplan法，克服這些理解上的缺點(diǎn)或者賦予其特定的目的。其中就有Spratley（1987），他提到咨詢者擔(dān)心客戶的酗酒問題的一種咨詢途徑。酗酒問題是很多專業(yè)領(lǐng)域的工作家頻繁面臨的客戶問題的例子，大部分人沒有受過處理這類問題的培訓(xùn)或經(jīng)驗(yàn)，覺得處理這類常見人群很困難。
Theme of the concept of interference effectiveness has been questioned, the others doubt consulting in a short period of time change interference ability. In addition, the concept of the pyramid diffusion effect, the consultants from professional case learned apply to future customers, the term is also sometimes. The main criticism is that the relation between the advisers and consultants is assumed to be equal or cooperation. Many people think that it does not accord with Caplan method to determine the characteristics. Such as difficulty in weakening or hide the consultant's analysis, emphasize diagnosis consultants for lack of objectivity and consultants give a plan to correct the difficulty of consultants, consultants did not realized that the objectivity of the consultation.
Caplan points of view is to ensure the equal relationship between consultants and consultants is very important, about the consultants lack objectivity or the actual circumstances of the other problems need to hide. Although in his book about the process of consultation, understood as subtle gentle deception. For example, in his book (1970, chapter 9) cases consultants center for consultation, the extension of examples given, he consultant (not his) and a public health nurse on the transcripts of transcription of the counseling sessions, the nurse man presented to its suffering from terminal cancer and his family was worried, she for the patient that he saw his wife and children negative, unhelpful attitude and behavior especially worried about. Advisers seem to come to the conclusion that the nurse did not inform the patient or family will die soon. Not told that their dying information isn't the nurse should happen in their professional position, consultants to the patient wife and she admitted and with the ability of the coming death patient are discussed, and indirectly to deal with the difficulties. Caplan will this example as a personal intervention, the nurse too much a patient preferences, so as to not tell the fact that he will die. This or is an example of a theme interference, theme is "all the people who take care of a dying at the time of this death will blame, because they have no successful treatment for him."
Some recent revision and development
There are a lot of people tried to fixed Caplan, understanding to overcome these shortcomings or give its specific purpose. Including Spratley (1987), he mentioned consultants to worry about the client's drinking problem a means of consulting. Alcoholism is a lot of work in the field of professional home frequent examples of customer problems, most people have not been dealing with this kind of training or experience, find it hard to deal with this kind of common people.

2014.9.23