海水系統(tǒng)主要問題及處理-中英對照
Main Problems of Sea Water and Its Solutions
許衛(wèi)東 Xu Weidong
（江蘇核電有限公司222042）
摘要：本文簡述了海水取水系統(tǒng)存在的主要問題及產(chǎn)生的原因，處理措施及建議處理方案，目的為了保障機組正常運行的海水冷卻水供應(yīng)，尤其是在機組夏季需要大量冷卻水的情況下提供穩(wěn)定的海水供應(yīng)。
Abstract: The article describes the main problems existing in sea water intake system, its causes, treatment measures and solutions, for the propose of supplying cooling water of sea water to ensure normal operation of unit, especially providing stable seawater supply to unit in summer when the unit demands a large amount of cooling water.   
關(guān)鍵詞：除污機、旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)、雜物、堵塞��
Key words: Pollutant remover, rotation filter screen, sundries, block
1. 海水系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備概述 Seawater system and equipment description
1.1 海水系統(tǒng)介紹 Introduction of Seawater System
海水田灣核電站海水取水系統(tǒng)包括常規(guī)島供水系統(tǒng)（PA系統(tǒng)）和核島供水系統(tǒng)（PE系統(tǒng)），PA系統(tǒng)與PE系統(tǒng)在外海至廠外引水隧洞出水構(gòu)筑物（01UPR）之前共用一條直徑6米的廠外引水隧洞。PA系統(tǒng)的海水經(jīng)暗溝、廠內(nèi)引水隧洞直接到達海水循環(huán)泵入口，而PE系統(tǒng)的海水經(jīng)前池緩沖、沉淀、凈化后通過暗溝供給安全廠用水系統(tǒng)海水泵，海水比較干凈，同時，PE系統(tǒng)用水量極小，不到總水量的5％，因此本文只針對PA系統(tǒng)。
Seawater intake system of seawater Tianwan nuclear power station consists of conventional island water supply system (PA system) and nuclear island water supply system (PE system). PA system and PE system share a outside-plant diversion tunnel with 6m diameter in the front of outlet structure of diversion tunnel from open sea to outside plant. The seawater of PA system is flown from blind ditch and inside-plant diversion tunnel to directly reach inlet of seawater circulation pump. However, PE system seawater is supplied to xxx pump of safe plant water consuming system through blind ditch after it is buffered in front pool, precipitated and purified. The xxx is clean. Meanwhile, the water consumption of PE system is little, less than 5% of total water amount, therefore, the article only aims at PA system. 
工藝流程：PA系統(tǒng)的工藝流程為：引水明渠（01UPA）－廠外引水隧洞進水構(gòu)筑物（01UPR）－廠外引水隧洞（01UPL）－廠外引水隧洞出水構(gòu)筑物（01UPR）－廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻水引水暗溝（UPM）－循環(huán)冷卻水連接井（01UPD）－廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻水引水隧洞（11UPN）－消波池（UPF）－除污格柵、旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)－常規(guī)島廠房冷卻水用戶（MAG、PGB、QKM）－虹吸井（UQF）－廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻水排水暗溝（11UQN）－循環(huán)冷卻水排水構(gòu)筑物（01UQQ）－大海。
Process：Process of PA system：Intake open channel（01UPA）－Inlet structure of outside-plant intake tunnel （01UPR）－outside-plant intake tunnel （01UPL）－Outlet structure of outside-plant intake tunnel （01UPR）－Intake blind ditch of inside-plant circulation cooling water（UPM）－Junction well of circulation cooling water（01UPD）－Intake tunnel of inside-plant circulation cooling water(11UPN）－water absorption pool（UPF）－pollutant removing grille, rotation filter screen－Cooling water user of conventional island workshop（MAG、PGB、QKM）－虹吸井（UQF）－Outlet of blind ditch for inside-plant circulation cooling water（11UQN）－Outlet structure of circulation cooling water（01UQQ）－Sea.
1.2 主要設(shè)備 Main Equipment
取水明渠（攔污網(wǎng)）——粗格柵（15cm）——細格柵（5cm）——UQA廠房格柵和除污機（2cm）——旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)。
Intake open channel（Dust barrier screen）——rough grille（15cm）——fine grille（5cm）——UQA workshop grille and pollutant remover（2cm）——rotation filter screen.
2. 海水系統(tǒng)主要問題及原因分析 Main Problems of Seawater System and Its Reason Analysis
2.1 海水水質(zhì)差，容易造成堵塞 Water quality of seawater is poor so as to it is easy to cause blocking
高公島附近的海水水質(zhì)差，海水中有大量雜物，同時海生物在設(shè)備上大量生長對取水系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成威脅。機組投入運行以來，共出現(xiàn)3次堵塞和取水不足造成機組降負荷。主要有：05年海生物在格柵和隧洞壁生長造成取水阻力增大，取水水量不足使機組降負荷。06年7月、07年7月大量麥秸稈涌入取水明渠，堵塞格柵，造成機組降負荷。
The water quality of seawater in Gaogong island is poor, with a large amount of sundries in it. Meanwhile, a lot of marine plants growing on the equipment threaten the intake system. After the unit is operated, it causes 3 blocks and insufficient intake to force load reduction. The details are followed: In 2005, the marine plants growing on the grille and tunnel wall resulted in increasing intake resistance and reducing the load of unit because of insufficient intake. In July 2006 and July 2007, a lot of wheat straws flowed into intake open channel to block the grille, which forced the unit to reduce the loads.
2.2 海水中雜物構(gòu)成 Sundries compositions in seawater
2.2.1 每年11月~次年4月份，是近海的紫菜養(yǎng)殖時間。在此期間紫菜都有大量脫落的情況發(fā)生。分別是：
    From Nov. of each year-April of next year, it is the season of culturing the laver in offshore. During the period, lots of lavers are dropped off. It is respectively followed:
 海水流通不暢或種植過密，易產(chǎn)生病害，腐爛流失，病爛易發(fā)生在11～12月。
 Flow of xxx is not smoothly or laver is cultured too dense so as to it is easy to cause disease, decay and loss. It is more often to cause disease and decay in Nov.-Dec.
 冬季風浪持續(xù)時間較長，漁民來不及收割，較長的紫菜會被風浪打掉，時間在12月~2月。
 The wind wave lasts for a long time in winter. Before the fish man harvests the laver, the long laver is broken by wind wave from Dec. to Feb.
 春季氣溫升高時，紫菜生長加快，春末的紫菜經(jīng)多次剪收后，已衰老質(zhì)差不能食用，漁民大多將其丟棄在海里。時間在3月~4月。
 The temperature is raised in spring so as to the laver is grown fast. However, after the laver at the end of spring is trimmed for many times, it is old with poor quality and not available for eating, therefore, the fish man discards it in the sea. The time is from March to April.
2.2.2 每年6~7月份的麥收季節(jié)，大量麥秸稈受風吹和雨水沖刷直接進入海中。導致堵塞取水口，造成將機組降負荷運行。
      The wheat is harvested in June-July each year, so lots of wheat straws are blown by the wind and scoured by the rain and then directly flown into the sea, which results in blocking the intake and reducing the loads of the unit.
 
圖1：取水明渠清理麥秸稈情況
Diagram 1: Cleaning the wheat straws in intake open channel
2.2.3 每年春末夏初天然海生植物、藻類大量繁殖。增加設(shè)備除污負擔。
      At the end of spring and at the beginning of summer each year, natural marine plant and alga are reproduced in large amounts, which increases the burden of equipment to remove the pollutants.
 
圖2：格柵正面上海生植物情況
Diagram 2:Marine plant conditions on the front of grille
 
圖3：格柵背面海生植物情況
Diagram 3: Marine plant conditions on the back of grille
2.2.4 海中天然生長小魚、小蝦在夏季大量繁殖，增加設(shè)備除污負擔。下圖為濾網(wǎng)停運10分鐘后網(wǎng)片上的照片。
      The small fishes and shrimps naturally grown in the sea are reproduced in large amounts in summer, which increases the burden of equipment to remove the pollutants. The following diagram describes the screen conditions after the filter screen is stopped for 10 minutes.
 
                        圖4：旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)上魚蝦情況
Diagram 4: Fishes and shrimps on the rotation filter screen
2.3 海水系統(tǒng)設(shè)備故障多 Various failures of seawater system equipments
2.3.1 格柵除污機效率低下、故障頻繁（構(gòu)成堵塞主要因素）。
    Low efficiency of grille pollutant remover and frequent failures (it is the main reason of blocking).
      高公島取水構(gòu)筑物上第一道和第二道攔污裝置的所有格柵清污機、包括UQA廠房的2cm俄供格柵除污機在使用時，清理的雜物很少，對于紫菜、海生植物、魚、蝦等雜物不能有效清除。在大量麥秸稈堵塞時，能夠清理出少部分，格柵除污機只能起到疏通作用，使大量麥秸稈進入下一級除污設(shè)備，而此時，已經(jīng)發(fā)生了堵塞事件。對于UQA廠房的俄供2cm格柵除污機，除了上述去污效果差外，在正常運行過程中故障頻繁，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
   When all grille pollutant removers (including 2cm grille pollutant remover supplied by Russian) at the first and second pollutant barrier devices of Gaogong island intake structure are used, it can clean few sundries. For laver, marine plants, fish and shrimps, it can’t clean them effectively. When lots of wheat straws block, only a few straws can be cleaned so as to the grille pollutant remover only functions as dredging and force lots of wheat straws to enter next stage pollutant removing equipment. At that time, the blocking is already formed. For 2cm yyy supplied by Russian in UQA workshop, in addition to the above poor pollutant removing effects, it fails frequently in normal operation, and its failures are followed:
 耙斗容易發(fā)生卡軌：俄供除污機的耙斗部分借用攔污柵導槽，在水下格柵處采用變軌設(shè)計，具有一個轉(zhuǎn)彎，當耙斗到達變軌處，容易發(fā)生卡澀現(xiàn)象。
 Scraper bucket easily trap the rail: the scraper bucket of pollutant remover supplied by Russian shares the guidance channel of trash rack, and it adopts rail transfer design, with a turning. When the scraper bucker reaches the rail transfer point, it is easy to trap.
 鋼絲繩亂繩：俄供除污機的鋼絲繩滾筒的螺旋槽采用淺槽設(shè)計，對鋼絲繩的定位效果不好，且滾筒下多個被動輪沒有對鋼絲繩有效定位，增加了鋼絲繩亂槽幾率。
 Steel rope is mixed: the spiral groove of steel rope roller in the pollutant remover supplied by Russian adopts the shallow groove so as to it can’t effectively position the steel rope, moreover, various passive wheel under roller can’t effectively position the steel rope, which increase the rate of mixing the steel rope.  
 電氣限位容易失靈：俄供除污機采用復雜的傳動機構(gòu)，機械的復雜決定了電氣的復雜，且限位裝置采用多個不可靠的行程開關(guān)，增加了系統(tǒng)的不可靠性，任何環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題，都導致除污機無法使用。
 Electric positive stop easily fails: The pollutant remover supplied by Russian uses complicated driving mechanism. The complication of machine decides that of electric, furthermore, the positive stop device adopts various unreliable stroke switches, which increase the unreliability of system. So if any chain fails, the pollutant remover can’t be used.
 耙斗清污效果不好：俄供除污機耙斗采用三根鋼絲繩控制，其中兩根鋼絲繩負責提升耙斗，另外一根鋼絲繩負責耙斗打開閉和，該結(jié)構(gòu)除污機具有耙斗打開角度小，承載污物少的缺點。
 Poor effects of scraper bucket to remove the pollutants: the scraper bucket of pollutant remover supplied by Russian uses 3 steel ropes to control among which two steel ropes are used to lift the scraper bucket and the rest one to open and close the scraper bucket. Such pollutant remover is characterized in small opening angle of scraper bucket and carrying little sewage.
由于除污機去污效果差，同時，運行過程中容易出現(xiàn)故障，尤其是在海水中出現(xiàn)麥秸桿情況時堵塞格柵，是造成機組降負荷運行主要原因。2007年7月14日凌晨因大量麥秸桿附著在UQA廠房格柵上造成巨大的水頭損失，導致2#機組降功率運行。
The main reasons of reducing the loads of unit to operate are that poor pollutant removing effects of remover and frequent failures in the operation process as well as the wheat straws blocking the grille in xxx. At the early morning of July 14th 2007, lots of wheat straws are attached to UQA workshop grille to cause huge water head losses and to operate 2# unit at reduced power.
2.3.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)能力不足，故障頻繁 Insufficient capability of rotation filter screen and frequent failures
由于高公島取水海水中雜質(zhì)較多，俄供旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)不能滿足田灣核電站使用要求。主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
Because of multiple sundries in intake xxx of Gaogong island, rotation filter screen supplied by Russian can’t meet the using requirements of Tianwan nuclear power plant. It is described as following:
 旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)驅(qū)動力不足：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)電機采用4KW，電機電流7.5A，過載保護電流12.5A，旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)最大液位差500mm。而在田灣核電站實際運行中，在液位差沒有達到500mm時，旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)頻繁出現(xiàn)過載而無法啟動。
 Driving force of rotation filter screen is insufficient: Russian rotation filter screen motor adopts 4kw, with 7.5A motor current, 12.5A overload protection current, 500mm maximum water level differences of rotation filter screen. However, in the actual operation of Tianwan nuclear power plant, when the water level difference doesn’t reach 500mm, the rotation filter screen overloads frequently so no starting is possible.
 旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)運行方式不能滿足要求：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)維護手冊1.3. 2.1條規(guī)定：旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)每8小時運行15~30分鐘。由于海水中雜物較多，根據(jù)統(tǒng)計，每天旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)需要運行6~15小時，俄羅斯濾網(wǎng)維護手冊規(guī)定的運行方式無法滿足田灣現(xiàn)場要求。
 Operation mode of zzz can’t meet the requirements: Article 1.3.2.1 in Russian zzz maintenance manual stipulates: zzz operates 15-30 minutes each 8 hours. For multiple sundries in the xxx, according to statistical, the zzz needs to work for 6-15 hours each day. The operation mode stipulated in Russian zzz maintenance manual can’t meet the requirements of Tianwan site. 
 零部件磨損嚴重：由于濾網(wǎng)實際運行時間遠遠大于濾網(wǎng)維護手冊規(guī)定的時間要求，因此，需要濾網(wǎng)零部件磨損嚴重。主要原因是鏈條結(jié)構(gòu)和材料選擇不合理造成。見圖5、圖6中5mm厚的銅軸套和不銹鋼軸套磨損情況。
 Components worn seriously: Because the actual operation time of filter screen is far more than that stipulated in filter screen maintenance manual
 側(cè)密封不嚴，容易卡澀：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)側(cè)密封板在軌道中運行的方式進行密封。這種方式不能有效阻止雜物進行濾網(wǎng)凈水區(qū)，同時，很容易出現(xiàn)側(cè)密封板變形導致旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)卡澀故障。
 網(wǎng)板之間密封不嚴和夾雜物無法去除：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)采用兩塊網(wǎng)板之間增加橡膠條的方式，對阻擋雜物進入凈水區(qū)的效果不佳，同時雜物容易夾再橡膠條和網(wǎng)板之間，無法去除。橡膠條還需要定期更換，維護工作量大。
  
圖5；銅軸套磨損情況                 圖6：不銹鋼軸套磨損情況
2.4 海生物生長影響 Growth effects of marine plants
2.4.1取水口粗格柵、細格柵海生物生長嚴重。
由于高公島取水口粗格柵位于加氯管道上游，不受加氯保護，海生物附著生長嚴重。細格柵緊鄰加氯管道，而加氯管線線狀布置，在面積很大的過水截面中擴散不均勻，無法有效防止海生物附著生長。
2.4.2 隧洞洞壁海生物生長嚴重。
由于田灣核電站從2003年隧洞通水后，機組處于安裝調(diào)試階段，取水量不穩(wěn)定，加氯也不正常。導致大量海生物在隧洞附著，增加洞壁摩擦系數(shù)，導致供水不足。2005年底機組調(diào)試時出現(xiàn)循環(huán)水泵取水不足情況。
 
圖7：洞壁生長海生物情況
2.4.3 設(shè)備上海生物生長情況。
目前，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)海生物在UQA廠房海水設(shè)備上生長的情況。
 
                        圖8： 海生物在滾輪上生長情況

      造成海生物生長主要原因為制氯站的制氯能力不足，以及機組調(diào)試期間加氯工作不正常等多方面因素。
海水系統(tǒng)主要問題及處理
許衛(wèi)東
（江蘇核電有限公司222042）
摘要：本文簡述了海水取水系統(tǒng)存在的主要問題及產(chǎn)生的原因，處理措施及建議處理方案，目的為了保障機組正常運行的海水冷卻水供應(yīng)，尤其是在機組夏季需要大量冷卻水的情況下提供穩(wěn)定的海水供應(yīng)。
關(guān)鍵詞：除污機、旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)、雜物、堵塞��
3. 海水系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備概述
1.1 海水系統(tǒng)介紹
海水田灣核電站海水取水系統(tǒng)包括常規(guī)島供水系統(tǒng)（PA系統(tǒng)）和核島供水系統(tǒng)（PE系統(tǒng)），PA系統(tǒng)與PE系統(tǒng)在外海至廠外引水隧洞出水構(gòu)筑物（01UPR）之前共用一條直徑6米的廠外引水隧洞。PA系統(tǒng)的海水經(jīng)暗溝、廠內(nèi)引水隧洞直接到達海水循環(huán)泵入口，而PE系統(tǒng)的海水經(jīng)前池緩沖、沉淀、凈化后通過暗溝供給安全廠用水系統(tǒng)海水泵，海水比較干凈，同時，PE系統(tǒng)用水量極小，不到總水量的5％，因此本文只針對PA系統(tǒng)。
工藝流程：PA系統(tǒng)的工藝流程為：引水明渠（01UPA）－廠外引水隧洞進水構(gòu)筑物（01UPR）－廠外引水隧洞（01UPL）－廠外引水隧洞出水構(gòu)筑物（01UPR）－廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻水引水暗溝（UPM）－循環(huán)冷卻水連接井（01UPD）－廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻水引水隧洞（11UPN）－消波池（UPF）－除污格柵、旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)－常規(guī)島廠房冷卻水用戶（MAG、PGB、QKM）－虹吸井（UQF）－廠內(nèi)循環(huán)冷卻水排水暗溝（11UQN）－循環(huán)冷卻水排水構(gòu)筑物（01UQQ）－大海。
1.2 主要設(shè)備
取水明渠（攔污網(wǎng)）——粗格柵（15cm）——細格柵（5cm）——UQA廠房格柵和除污機（2cm）——旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)。
4. 海水系統(tǒng)主要問題及原因分析
2.1 海水水質(zhì)差，容易造成堵塞
高公島附近的海水水質(zhì)差，海水中有大量雜物，同時海生物在設(shè)備上大量生長對取水系統(tǒng)構(gòu)成威脅。機組投入運行以來，共出現(xiàn)3次堵塞和取水不足造成機組降負荷。主要有：05年海生物在格柵和隧洞壁生長造成取水阻力增大，取水水量不足使機組降負荷。06年7月、07年7月大量麥秸稈涌入取水明渠，堵塞格柵，造成機組降負荷。
2.2 海水中雜物構(gòu)成
2.2.1 每年11月~次年4月份，是近海的紫菜養(yǎng)殖時間。在此期間紫菜都有大量脫落的情況發(fā)生。分別是：
 海水流通不暢或種植過密，易產(chǎn)生病害，腐爛流失，病爛易發(fā)生在11～12月。
 冬季風浪持續(xù)時間較長，漁民來不及收割，較長的紫菜會被風浪打掉，時間在12月~2月。
 春季氣溫升高時，紫菜生長加快，春末的紫菜經(jīng)多次剪收后，已衰老質(zhì)差不能食用，漁民大多將其丟棄在海里。時間在3月~4月。
2.2.5 每年6~7月份的麥收季節(jié)，大量麥秸稈受風吹和雨水沖刷直接進入海中。導致堵塞取水口，造成將機組降負荷運行。
 
圖1：取水明渠清理麥秸稈情況
2.2.6 每年春末夏初天然海生植物、藻類大量繁殖。增加設(shè)備除污負擔。
 
圖2：格柵正面上海生植物情況
 
圖3：格柵背面海生植物情況
2.2.4 海中天然生長小魚、小蝦在夏季大量繁殖，增加設(shè)備除污負擔。下圖為濾網(wǎng)停運10分鐘后網(wǎng)片上的照片。
 
                        圖4：旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)上魚蝦情況
2.3 海水系統(tǒng)設(shè)備故障多
2.3.1 格柵除污機效率低下、故障頻繁（構(gòu)成堵塞主要因素）。
      高公島取水構(gòu)筑物上第一道和第二道攔污裝置的所有格柵清污機、包括UQA廠房的2cm俄供格柵除污機在使用時，清理的雜物很少，對于紫菜、海生植物、魚、蝦等雜物不能有效清除。在大量麥秸稈堵塞時，能夠清理出少部分，格柵除污機只能起到疏通作用，使大量麥秸稈進入下一級除污設(shè)備，而此時，已經(jīng)發(fā)生了堵塞事件。對于UQA廠房的俄供2cm格柵除污機，除了上述去污效果差外，在正常運行過程中故障頻繁，主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
 耙斗容易發(fā)生卡軌：俄供除污機的耙斗部分借用攔污柵導槽，在水下格柵處采用變軌設(shè)計，具有一個轉(zhuǎn)彎，當耙斗到達變軌處，容易發(fā)生卡澀現(xiàn)象。
 鋼絲繩亂繩：俄供除污機的鋼絲繩滾筒的螺旋槽采用淺槽設(shè)計，對鋼絲繩的定位效果不好，且滾筒下多個被動輪沒有對鋼絲繩有效定位，增加了鋼絲繩亂槽幾率。
 電氣限位容易失靈：俄供除污機采用復雜的傳動機構(gòu)，機械的復雜決定了電氣的復雜，且限位裝置采用多個不可靠的行程開關(guān)，增加了系統(tǒng)的不可靠性，任何環(huán)節(jié)出現(xiàn)問題，都導致除污機無法使用。
 耙斗清污效果不好：俄供除污機耙斗采用三根鋼絲繩控制，其中兩根鋼絲繩負責提升耙斗，另外一根鋼絲繩負責耙斗打開閉和，該結(jié)構(gòu)除污機具有耙斗打開角度小，承載污物少的缺點。
由于除污機去污效果差，同時，運行過程中容易出現(xiàn)故障，尤其是在海水中出現(xiàn)麥秸桿情況時堵塞格柵，是造成機組降負荷運行主要原因。2007年7月14日凌晨因大量麥秸桿附著在UQA廠房格柵上造成巨大的水頭損失，導致2#機組降功率運行。
2.3.2 旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)能力不足，故障頻繁
由于高公島取水海水中雜質(zhì)較多，俄供旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)不能滿足田灣核電站使用要求。主要表現(xiàn)在以下幾個方面：
 旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)驅(qū)動力不足：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)電機采用4KW，電機電流7.5A，過載保護電流12.5A，旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)最大液位差500mm。而在田灣核電站實際運行中，在液位差沒有達到500mm時，旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)頻繁出現(xiàn)過載而無法啟動。
 旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)運行方式不能滿足要求：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)維護手冊1.3. 2.1條規(guī)定：旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)每8小時運行15~30分鐘。由于海水中雜物較多，根據(jù)統(tǒng)計，每天旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)需要運行6~15小時，俄羅斯濾網(wǎng)維護手冊規(guī)定的運行方式無法滿足田灣現(xiàn)場要求。
 零部件磨損嚴重：由于濾網(wǎng)實際運行時間遠遠大于濾網(wǎng)維護手冊規(guī)定的時間要求，因此，需要濾網(wǎng)零部件磨損嚴重。主要原因是鏈條結(jié)構(gòu)和材料選擇不合理造成。見圖5、圖6中5mm厚的銅軸套和不銹鋼軸套磨損情況。
 側(cè)密封不嚴，容易卡澀：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)側(cè)密封板在軌道中運行的方式進行密封。這種方式不能有效阻止雜物進行濾網(wǎng)凈水區(qū)，同時，很容易出現(xiàn)側(cè)密封板變形導致旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)卡澀故障。
 網(wǎng)板之間密封不嚴和夾雜物無法去除：俄羅斯旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)采用兩塊網(wǎng)板之間增加橡膠條的方式，對阻擋雜物進入凈水區(qū)的效果不佳，同時雜物容易夾再橡膠條和網(wǎng)板之間，無法去除。橡膠條還需要定期更換，維護工作量大。
  
圖5；銅軸套磨損情況                 圖6：不銹鋼軸套磨損情況
2.4 海生物生長影響
2.4.1取水口粗格柵、細格柵海生物生長嚴重。
由于高公島取水口粗格柵位于加氯管道上游，不受加氯保護，海生物附著生長嚴重。細格柵緊鄰加氯管道，而加氯管線線狀布置，在面積很大的過水截面中擴散不均勻，無法有效防止海生物附著生長。
2.4.4 隧洞洞壁海生物生長嚴重。
由于田灣核電站從2003年隧洞通水后，機組處于安裝調(diào)試階段，取水量不穩(wěn)定，加氯也不正常。導致大量海生物在隧洞附著，增加洞壁摩擦系數(shù)，導致供水不足。2005年底機組調(diào)試時出現(xiàn)循環(huán)水泵取水不足情況。
 
圖7：洞壁生長海生物情況
2.4.5 設(shè)備上海生物生長情況。
目前，已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)海生物在UQA廠房海水設(shè)備上生長的情況。
 
                        圖8： 海生物在滾輪上生長情況
      造成海生物生長主要原因為制氯站的制氯能力不足，以及機組調(diào)試期間加氯工作不正常等多方面因素。
3. 海水系統(tǒng)處理措施及建議方案
3. Treatment measure and proposal scheme of seawater system
3.1 針對海水水質(zhì)差制定的措施和方案
3.1 Measure and scheme against the bad water quality of sea water
3.1.1 海水雜物較多，采取縱深防御措施，在取水明渠設(shè)置3道攔污網(wǎng)
3.1.1 As sundries are more common in sea water, it is applicable to take the depth defense measure and arrange 3 dust barrier screens in the intake open channel.
 第一道攔污網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)孔80×80mm，設(shè)置在取水明渠頭部。攔污網(wǎng)采用固定式，通過水泥樁固定，在每年6~7月安裝使用，主要目的攔截麥秸桿功能。
 Mesh of the first dust barrier screen shall be 80×80mm, which is arranged at the front part of intake open channel. The water screen adopts the regular type and shall be fixed with cement stake. It shall be installed and put in operation in June - July every year. The main purpose the water screen is to block the wheat straw.
 第二道攔污網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)孔50×50mm，設(shè)置在取水明渠中部。攔污網(wǎng)采用浮漂，兩端用纜繩在兩端的樁上。
 The second dust barrier screen shall be 50×50mm of the dirty network, which is arranged in the middle part of intake open channel. The water screen adopts floating type. The both ends of water screen shall be fixed on the stake.
 第三道攔污網(wǎng)的網(wǎng)孔25×25mm，設(shè)置在取水明渠中后部，固定方式于第二道網(wǎng)方式相同。
 The third dust barrier screen shall be 25×25mm of the dirty network, which is arranged in the end part of intake open channel. The fixing method is the same with the second water screen.
3.1.2 制定詳細的海工系統(tǒng)應(yīng)急預案
3.1.2 Establish the detailed emergency preplan of ocean engineering system
      當海工系統(tǒng)的取水明渠出現(xiàn)大量雜物，如：麥秸桿、紫菜等，造成高公島的攔污網(wǎng)、粗格柵、細格柵堵塞，液位差大于設(shè)計值；UQA廠房的除污機、旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)因雜物堵塞造成停運或無法啟動時。立即啟動應(yīng)急預案。主要采取人工干預的方式，消除或降低海水系統(tǒng)和設(shè)備故障，減少對機組負荷的影響。主要措施有：When the intake open channel has a large quantity of sundries, for instance: straw pole and laver, etc may cause the liquid level difference of dust barrier screen, rough grille and fine grille is greater than the design value; when the water screen and rotation filter screen of UQA factory building is shut down or fails to operate due the blockage of sundries. It is required to initial the emergency preplan immediately, mainly apply the measure of manual intervention, dispel or reduce the failure of seawater system and equipments and reduce the impact on unit load. The main measure is as follows:
 利用小船清理取水明渠和攔污網(wǎng)上的雜物，如：麥秸桿等。
 Utilize the boat to clear up sundries of intake open channel and dust barrier screen, for instance: Wheat straw, etc.
 及時吊出格柵清理。
 Hang out the grille to clear up in time.
 人工干預除污機、旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)運行。
 Operation of the pollutant remover of manual intervention and rotation filter screen;
 采用人工方法清潔旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)網(wǎng)板上的雜物。
 Adopt the artificial method to clear up the sundries on the mesh of rotation filter screen;
3.2 針對設(shè)備存在問題，實施改造和建議處理方案
3.2 Treatment scheme of the existing problem, reconstruction and suggestion of equipment
3.2.1 解決除污機效率低下，故障頻繁的主要措施和建議方案
3.2.1 Main measure and proposal scheme to solve the low efficiency and high frequent failure of pollutant remover
 高公島第一道格柵增加不銹鋼絲網(wǎng)：原格柵的凈間距為150mm，對海水中的漂浮物攔截效果差，按照分級攔截的思路，在格柵上增加了50×50mm的不銹鋼絲網(wǎng)，使用行吊吊出格柵，在地面上人工清洗。見圖2、圖3格柵清洗前的照片。此方法提高了格柵攔污能力，但是在麥收季節(jié)、紫菜養(yǎng)殖季節(jié)海水污物大量出現(xiàn)，容易發(fā)生突然堵塞，機組存在斷水風險。
 The first grille of Gaogong Island applies the screen of stainless steel: the clear spacing of the original grille is about 150mm, which has a poor blockage result for the floating materials in the sea water. According to the design idea of grading interception, it adds the stainless steel screen of 50×50mm on the grille, applies the overhead hoister to lift the grille and washes on the ground with artificial method. See the photos of Fig. 2 and Fig. 3 before the grille are cleared. This method has improved the blockage performance of grille, however, in harvest season of wheat cultivation, there are large amount of filth appeared in sea water, which may easily cause the sudden blockage and the risk of water cut off of units.
 高公島第二道格柵改為活動式：原格柵的凈間距50mm，主要問題是除污機清理出的污物很少。尤其時在格柵上長滿貝類海生物情況下，耙斗無法清除這些海生物。另外， 8臺格柵中有6臺格柵固定在水下，不抽干廠外隧洞的海水無法檢修。目前，2#機組3臺固定式格柵已經(jīng)改造成活動式，1#機組3臺格柵安排在機組07年11月大修時進行改造。
 The second grille of Gaogong Island changes into a moving type: the clear spacing of the original grille is about 50mm. The main problem is the filth removed by the pollutant remover is little, especially when the grille is covered with marine plant of shellfish. The scraper is unable to remove these marine plants. In addition, 6 grilles of 8 grilles are fixed under the water and unable to overhaul without pump out the sea water of tunnel outside the factory. At present, 3 fixed grille of 2# unit have already reconstructed as moving type. 3 fixed grille of 1# unit have arranged for reconstruction in overhauling in November of 07.
 UQA廠房的除污機改造：該除污機是俄供產(chǎn)品，目前正在調(diào)研國內(nèi)廠家，做改造的方案研究。
 The reconstruction of the pollutant remover of UQA factory building: the pollutant remover is the products of Russia, which is still surveyed and studied by the domestic producer at present for the research reconstruction scheme.
3.2.2 解決旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)動力不足，故障頻繁的主要措施和建議方案
3.2.2 The main measures and proposal scheme for solving the insufficient power of rotation filter screen and frequent failure
 更換電機和驅(qū)動機構(gòu)：將原齒輪傳動系統(tǒng)為鏈輪傳動系統(tǒng)，該傳動系統(tǒng)的技術(shù)成熟, 鏈輪傳動為硬齒面嚙合，耐磨損，強度高，壽命長，維護和檢修方便，在國內(nèi)大量電廠投運行中性能良好、性能穩(wěn)定。將原有4KW電機改為7.5KW電機，國內(nèi)類似旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)電機功率通常為7~8KW。目前，兩臺機組各修改了2臺旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)，該傳動機構(gòu)已經(jīng)運行3月以上，情況良好，滿足濾網(wǎng)運行時間要求。
 Replace the motor and driving mechanism: replace the transmission system of original gear to transmission system of chain gear which has a mature technology. The chain gear is harden gear surface meshing, which is featured with wear-resisting, high intensity, long service life and convenient for maintenance and overhauling. It has a sound and steady performance during the operation in large number of domestic power stations. Replace original 4KW motor into 7.5KW. Usually the motor power of domestic rotating screen is about 7-8 KW. At present, there 2 unit replace 2 rotating screen respectively. These transmission mechanisms have already operated more than three months, which have a sound condition and meet the relevant requirements of operating time of filter screen.
 軸承材料選擇建議：俄羅斯旋網(wǎng)的滾輪軸套采用青銅軸套,磨損嚴重。目前，已經(jīng)在1PAA32AT101旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)上安裝10個不銹鋼無油自潤滑軸承。該軸承采用英國技術(shù)制造的不銹鋼耐腐蝕軸承以不銹鋼為基體，中間燒結(jié)銅粉，表面軋制以聚四氟乙烯為主的低摩擦材料，卷制而成。其使用效果正在驗證中。
 The proposal of bearing material selection: the roller shaft sleeve of Russia rotating screen applies the bronze axle sleeve which may seriously wear and tear. At present, it have already installed 10 pieces of stainless steel oil-less self-lubricating bearing on 1PAA32AT101 rotation filter screen. This bearing adopts the stainless steel corrosion-resistant bearing of British technology which applies stainless steel as base body, copper powder in intermediate sintering, and low friction material mainly on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) on the surface rolling. The application result is in the process of verification.
 側(cè)密封板密封不嚴，容易卡澀建議處理方式：目前正在討論使用MC尼龍條密封方式。旋網(wǎng)側(cè)密封板和網(wǎng)板采用MC尼龍條密封進行密封后，間隙小于1毫米，流道凈水室與污水室完全被旋網(wǎng)分隔開，能有效阻止污物進入凈水區(qū)。同時可以消除側(cè)密封板與軌道摩擦變形容易卡澀的問題。
 The proposal treatment measure of the tightness of side sealing board and easy trap: discuss the sealing method of the application MC nylon at present. After the side sealing board of rotating screen and mesh board apply MC nylon for sealing, the interval is smaller than 1mm; the channel of water purification chamber is totally separated with the sewage chamber by rotating screen, which may effectively block the filth entering into the water purification area. At the same time, it can eliminate the trap of deformation of side sealing board and track.
 建議修改網(wǎng)格板結(jié)構(gòu)：采用圓弧齒合式網(wǎng)板結(jié)構(gòu)，兩網(wǎng)板骨架之間采用圓弧齒合。骨架用一系列模具磨牙成形，制造精度高，兩塊網(wǎng)板之間間隙在運動全過程中小于3mm。滿足阻擋雜物需要。
 Proposal for changing the structure of screen: adopt the arc tooth shutting type structure of screen; adopt the arc tooth between two frameworks of screen. The frameworks apply series moulds of tooth shaping, which has a high manufacturing precision. The spacing between two screens shall be smaller than 3mm during the course of operating, so as to meet the requirements for blocking the sundries.
 
圖9：建議改造后旋轉(zhuǎn)濾網(wǎng)圖
Fig. 9: Rotation filter screen picture after proposal reconstruction
3.3 海生物生長問題和建議解決方案。
3.3 Growth of marine plant and proposing solution
3.3.1對制氯系統(tǒng)進行改造，增加制氯能力
3.3.1Reconstruction of chlorine manufacturing system; promote chlorine manufacturing ability
目前，田灣核電站制氯系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)投運3~4年，存在制氯設(shè)備老化，制氯能力不足問題。需要，盡快更新老化的電極等零部件。另外，目前已經(jīng)在01UPD廠房增加次氯酸鈉溶液儲罐，作為制氯設(shè)備的補充。從長期考慮，建議增加1~2套制氯設(shè)備，作為制氯設(shè)備檢修時備用。At present, chlorine manufacturing system of Tianwan nuclear power station has already put into operation for 3 years, which has the problem of equipment aging of chlorine manufacturing and insufficient chlorine manufacturing. It is required to replace the spare parts such as electrode as soon as possible. In addition, it has already increased stock tank of sodium hypochlorite solution in 01UPD factory building at present as the supplement of chlorine manufacturing equipments. Consider from the long-term, it is suggested to add 1-2 sets of chlorine manufacturing equipments as the back up of the chlorine manufacturing equipments while overhauling.
3.3.2 建議優(yōu)化對循環(huán)水系統(tǒng)的加氯方式。
3.3.2 Propose to optimize the chlorination feeding method of the circulating water system.
目前，加氯點分別在取水頭部和進入UQA廠房的消波池。建議可以考慮在隧洞出口01UPR處增加加氯點，由于廠外隧洞長度在3公里左右，余氯已經(jīng)很少。有必要在此處增設(shè)加氯點，用來防止廠內(nèi)循環(huán)水引水隧洞洞壁海生物生長。取水頭部的加氯量應(yīng)參考日常監(jiān)測的廠外引水隧洞水頭損失情況及時調(diào)整。消波池的加氯量可參考設(shè)備上海生物生長情況進行調(diào)整。同時，監(jiān)測海水出口殘余氯含量，在保證余氯含量滿足國家排放標準的前提下，確保加藥量對海生物殺滅的有效。
At present, the chlorination feeding point is arranged in the front part of water intake area and wave basin entering into UQA factory building. It is suggested to add the chlorination feeding point at the tunnel export of 01UPR. As the length of tunnel outside the factory is about 3 kilometers, the residual chlorine is little. It is necessary to add the chlorination feeding point here, so as to prevent the growth of the marine plant on the wall of outlet structure of diversion tunnel. The chlorination feeding amount in the front position shall consult daily monitoring of the water head loss of outlet structure of diversion tunnel outside the factory for adjusting in time. The chlorination feeding amount of wave pool shall consult growth of the marine plant for adjusting. Meanwhile, monitor the content of residual chlorine in the sea water and guarantee the efficiency of eliminating effect of marine plant by the chlorination amount base on the premise that the content of chlorination meets the national residual chlorine discharge standard.
3.3.3 設(shè)備涂刷防污涂料防止海生物生長
3.3.3 The equipments paint with antipollution coating for preventing the growth of the marine plant
      選擇有效的防污涂料的作用主要是防止海生物在攔污設(shè)備上附著生長，保證攔污設(shè)備正常運行，減少水頭損失。目前，有多家防污涂料廠家在田灣海域進行長期掛板試驗。驗證成功的產(chǎn)品，最終將形成田灣核電的技術(shù)儲備。The function of selecting effective antipollution coating is mainly to prevent the growth of the marine plant adhering on the pollutant remover, guarantee normal running of pollutant remover and reduce water head losses. At present, many antipollution coating producers are tested in the Tianwan for a long time. The successful products shall be the final technological reserve of the Tianwan nuclear power station.

參考文獻
References
1、 海水攔污系統(tǒng)設(shè)計改進報告
1. The design upgrading report of filth blockage system of sea water
2、 海工系統(tǒng)麥秸桿堵塞時間專項工作報告
2. Special work report of the blockage time of the wheat straw of ocean engineering system 
3、 海工系統(tǒng)事故應(yīng)急預案
3. Accident emergency preplan of ocean engineering system

武漢翻譯公司

2012.10.27